Not as simple as that, if the battery is old, and has broken cell plates it could indeed spell the end, as the remaining plates heat up having to supply for the lost parts, which are not only lost but usually short cicuiting in the bottom of the battery case, by bridging the neg/pos plates.
I've known it happen a few times, where after no matter what charge was put back in they just wouldn't play ball, but battery was obviously crap as 1 hour of headlights, will only consume around 10 amps over an hour, so taking a 40ah battery to about 3/4 charged, which is more than enough to start the car, but that's assuming fully charged if duff it won't have that much in there to start with.
Everytime a normal lead acid battery or calcium is flattened damage occurs, but if AGM it doesn't affect it.
tabetha